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Human Relations, Vol. 52, No. 1, 95-122 (1999)
DOI: 10.1177/001872679905200106

Comparing Group and Individual Level Assessments of Job Characteristics in Testing the Job Demand-Control Model: A Multilevel Approach

Jan de Jonge

Department of Work and Organizational Psychology, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands

Gerard J. P. van Breukelen

Department of Methodology and Statistics, Maastricht University, The Netherlands

Jan A. Landeweerd

Department of Health Organization, Policies and Economics, Work and Health Section, Maastricht University, The Netherlands

Frans J. N. Nijhuis

Department of Health Organization, Policies and Economics, Work and Health Section, Maastricht University, The Netherlands

This article describes a test of Karasek's Job Demand-Control (JD-C) Model using both group and individual level assessments of job characteristics. By group assessments, we mean aggregated individual data. A random sample from general hospitals and nursing homes included 16 institutions, 64 units, and 1489 health care workers (82% response). Because of the hierarchically nested data structure (i.e., institutions, units, and individuals) the research questions and hypothesis were tested in multilevel regression analyses (VARCL). The results revealed both group level and individual level effects with regard to psychological outcomes, and stressed the usefulness of multilevel techniques. Karasek's JID-C Model was partly confirmed by finding two interaction effects at group level and at individual level with regard to job satisfaction and work motivation, respectively. The discussion focuses on theoretical, methodological, and practical implications of multilevel modeling with respect to the JD-C Model.

Key Words: job demand-control model • multilevel analysis • workstress • health care


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